Political Conservatism and the Role of Religion

Quite often, those on the left of the political spectrum dismiss political conservative ideology as the product of religious fervor. At first blush, this makes sense. After all, the conservative movement is populated by people of faith. Christians, Evangelicals, and Catholics tend to embrace the key aspects of conservatism, which include limited government, fiscal discipline, free enterprise, a strong national defense, and traditional family values. This is why many conservative Christians side with Republicanism politically. The Republican Party is most associated with championing these conservative values. Members of the Jewish faith, on the other hand, tend to drift toward the Democratic party because history supports it, not because of a particular ideology. According to author and essayist Edward S. Shapiro in American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia, most Jews are descendants of central and Eastern Europe, whose liberal parties -- in contrast to right-wing opponents -- favored Jewish emancipation and the lifting of economic and social restrictions on Jews. As a result, Jews looked to the Left for protection. Along with the rest of their traditions, Jews inherited a left-wing bias after emigrating to the United States, Shapiro says. Russell Kirk, in his book, The Conservative Mind, writes that, with the exception of antisemitism, The traditions of race and religion, the Jewish devotion to family, old usage, and spiritual continuity all incline the Jew toward conservatism. Shapiro says Jewish affinity for the left was cemented in the 1930s when Jews enthusiastically supported Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal. They believed that the New Deal had succeeded in alleviating the social and economic conditions in which antisemitism flourished and, in the election of 1936, Jews supported Roosevelt by a ratio of nearly 9 to 1. While its fair to say that most conservatives use faith as a guiding principle, most try to keep it out of political discourse, recognizing it as something intensely personal. Conservatives often will say that the Constitution guarantees its citizens freedom of religion, not freedom from religion. In fact, there is plenty of historical evidence that proves, despite Thomas Jeffersons famous quote about a wall of separation between church and state, the Founding Fathers expected religion and religious groups to play an important role in the development of the nation. The religion clauses of the First Amendment guarantee the free exercise of religion, while at the same time protecting the nations citizens from religious oppression. The religion clauses also ensure that the federal government cannot be overtaken by one particular religious group because Congress cannot legislate one way or another on an establishment of religion. This precludes a national religion but also prevents the government from interfering with religions of any kind. For contemporary conservatives, the rule of thumb is that practicing faith publicly is reasonable, but proselytizing in public is not.

The Civil Rights Movement Of The 1950s And 1960s - 1183 Words

This essay will discuss the impact of the Civil Rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s on the lives of African-Americans in that period. The Civil Rights movement refers to the movement which aimed to remove racial discrimination and segregation and improve the social, political, legal, and economic rights of black people in America . Although slavery had been abolished with the end of the Civil War , the â€Å"Jim Crow† laws kept black people and white people segregated from each other and the voting rights of African-Americans were limited , however, by the 1950s, African-Americans had begun to mobilise to gain equal rights under the law . This essay will discuss social challenges in the 1950s and 1960s to the discriminative laws and the†¦show more content†¦King may have inspired others within the Civil Rights movement with his nonviolent tactics; for example, the students who started the Greensboro Sit-Ins in 1960 ‘admired King’ . however, King did be gin to lose sympathy towards the end of his life with his opposition to the Vietnam War- an opinion poll at the time stated that 73% of Americans and 48% of black people disagreed with his opposition, and 60% even stated that his opposition had hurt the Civil Rights movement . This may have paved the way for other types of protest- in the 1960, there was a rise in more radical black groups, such as the Nation of Islam and the Black Panther Movement. These groups preached black nationalism and preferred the use of violence rather than nonviolence, with Malcolm X, one of the principal figures in the Nation of Islam, encouraging African-Americans to gain equal rights ‘by any means necessary’ . X preached against integration, comparing it to adding cream to coffee , and stated that ‘if youre afraid of Black Nationalism, youre afraid of revolution†¦ if you love revolution, you love Black Nationalism’ . Although James Turner states that he was ‘a broth er you could believe†¦ he was in it because of his commitment to our liberation’ , and his rhetoric appealed to black students and people living in ghettos, theShow MoreRelatedTo What Extent Was Grass Roots Activism a Significant Reason to Why the Civil Rights Movement Grew in the 1950s and 1960s1394 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Civil Rights Movement Grew in the 1950s and 1960s The civil rights movement grew for a number of reasons during the 1950’s and 1960s. Prior to this select time period America were fighting in the Cold War and many black soldiers battled in the name of ‘freedom’. This was ironic as these black soldiers were fighting for something that they didn’t even have back home. Often Black soldiers talked about the ‘Double V Campaign’; this was referring to victory in the war and victory for civil rightsRead MoreThe 1950s and 1960s: A Time of Great Changes Shaping the America We Have Today1006 Words   |  5 PagesWhen most people think of the 1950’s or 1960’s, they think of Elvis, Greasers, jukeboxes, Woodstock, and rainbow peace signs and hippie love. Although these symbols are somewhat accurate (and very popular), not many people think about the changes society and culture went through. The 1950’s and 60’s were a time of great change and freedom for many Americans. Every thing from World War II, to the gay liberation movement, to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 helped to change society. Many of the viewsRead MoreSocial Changes During The 1960 S1254 Words   |  6 PagesThe 1960’s was a decade filled with change in the existing conditions of the social, political, and economic spectrums. These social changes involved challenges to the conservative status quo of the time. Parts that contributed to this social revolution were new developments in the Feminist Movement, the Civil Rights Movement, and a rebellious counterculture. The political changes of this time period were embodied by the continuation and extension of the Vietnam War, new laws pertaining to civil rightsRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement Of The United States1668 Words   |  7 PagesThe civil rights movement in the USA in the 1950’s and 1960’s.can be termed as a democratic movement. The basic reason behind this was the discrimination of the African-Americans that w ere enslaved and did not have citizen rights. The African-Americans protested greatly against their injustice. The birth of the civil rights movement was before the 1954 Supreme Court’s decision on Brown versus Board of Education (Topeka) which stated that separate but equal schools was against the Constitution. FromRead MoreAnalysis Of The Explorer By Gwendolyn Brooks1318 Words   |  6 PagesExplorer†, which was published in 1960. In this poem, Brooks talk about how African Americans are oppressed by whites. To be specific, the main character, male or female, is on the run from white society. Brooks used words such as voices, scream, nervous, and griefs to describe what the main character is feeling as he is searching for a peaceful place. The reader can tell that society at that time was not perfect, but unfair and dangerous. Taking part in the civil rights movement herself, this poem specificallyRead MoreThe War Of The Civil Rights Movement1476 Words   |  6 Pag esThe 1950s was a decade of prosperity, the economy was booming, military was strong, the beginning of the civil rights movement. In the 1960s the decade involved protest, the war in Vietnam, the fight for civil rights, and JFK. Then came the 1970s and it was known as the time of peace and love, equality for all, the ongoing war in Vietnam, and Nixon. Each decade after one another affected the next with foreign policy, domestic policy, politics, political leadership, the economy, and the social termsRead MoreOn January 20th, 2013, Barack Obama was inaugurated to his second term as president of the United1700 Words   |  7 PagesOn January 20th, 2013, Barack Obama was inaugurated to his second term as president of the United States. In his speech, he made history when he made a reference to gay rights, he said: We the people, declare today that the most evident of truths -- that all of us are created equal -- is the star that guides us still; just as it guided our forebears through Seneca Falls, and Selma, and Stonewall; just as it guided all those men and women, sung and unsung, who left footprints along this great MallRead MoreEssay about Frq Analysis1138 Words   |  5 PagesRuhani Malik Period 4 1960’s HW FRQ Questions Due by April 26-27, 2012 Be sure to provide a strong and specific thesis statement with a nice introduction to your essay. Also be sure to provide names, dates, book titles, court cases, statistics and any and all other relevant facts you can think of to support your answer. Staple this sheet to the front of your essay and be sure to follow the formatting rules discussed for previous FRQ’s. 1. With respect to THREE of the following,Read MoreNaacp1094 Words   |  5 PagesNAACP The civil rights movement in the United States has been a long, primarily nonviolent struggle to bring full civil rights and equality under the law to all Americans. It has been made up of many movements, though it is often used to refer to the struggles between 1945 and 1970 to end discrimination against African-Americans and to end racial segregation, especially in the U.S. South. It focuses on that particular struggle, rather than the comparable movements to end discrimination against otherRead MoreAfrican Americans And The Civil Rights Movement1623 Words   |  7 Pagesduring the colonial days by Britain, before the civil war, as slaves. They were the foundation of slave economy, being auctioned off and sold, with no thought given to their opinions, families, or lives. Throughout American history, African Americans have slowly fought their way towards where they are today. Their fight has developed into the Civil Rights Movement in the 1900s. Many historians would agree that the start of the Civil Rights Movement happened early in the 1940’s as approximately two

Discussive essay Teenagers should not change their appearance by making plastic surgery free essay sample

Do you know that in South Korea most popular gift for teenagers age 12 – 18 is a cosmetic surgery? Nowadays making plastic surgery for teenagers became a normal, routine procedure in most developed countries such as U. S. A. , South Korea and China. Why teenagers willing to do a plastic surgery? There are many reasons, the main are: low self-esteem, changing of beauty concept and influence of society. Low self-esteem a spread problem of thousand teenagers, usually because of dislike their own appearance. Most of teens start to worry about their otherness and â€Å"defects† after comparing themselves with others. For example they might see an imperfection in small breasts, noticeable ears, thinking of beautiful celebrities and classmates. Also an important role plays surround attitude (classmates, friends), because for teenagers it is very important to fit in society. Every day beauty concepts changes, changing society’s thinking and perception, like the meaning of natural beauty. We will write a custom essay sample on Discussive essay Teenagers should not change their appearance by making plastic surgery or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although plastic surgery may make teens love their reflection in the mirror, it also a very serious threat to patient’s health. Many people foolishly think that cosmetic interventions are not serious as other types of surgery. But any surgeries, even if a smallest one, can lead to dangerous consequences such as infection, nerve damage or death. Liposuction, breast implants, botox they are all the most unpredictable and dangerous types of surgeries, unfortunately they are the most popular among teenagers. The main problem of teen plastic surgery is that unlike adults, they are still developing as physically as mentally and it’s hard to predict the way of haling. Infection usually located along the incision, the main risk is that young organism could not withstand because of weak immune system or because of wrong treatment. Not rare occasions when due to surgery on the breast, patient’s hands went numb. Loss of sensation in particular occurs anywhere from 10% to 70% of the time, says Dr. Nahai, president of the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. Because even the most professional surgeon cannot be absolutely sure that nerves wont be injured during the surgery. Also bleeding and hematoma are frequent affects appearing after surgery. Hematoma is one of the causes of death, excessive bleeding can necessitate a blood transfusion, leading to other health problems like blood poisoning. They are the effects on human’s body and health, but teenagers should know about the impact on psychology, which may come up after surgery. Many teenagers believe that surgery will make them more confident and open, but actually teens are trying to solve a deeper problem of low self esteem. Low self esteem and influence of rapidly changing fashion are some of the circumstances that promote to an addiction to cosmetic surgery. Addicted person is rushing to change something on his face or body to feel absolutely â€Å"perfect†. The aftermath of making surgery is usually connected with high risk. â€Å"I wish I could have a twin sister to look at how I would look like without any surgery†¦Ã¢â‚¬ - says 19 year old Dorothy Smith, student from Dakota University. Dorothy’s plastic gone wrong and now she has a very big and not attractive lips. She made botox – cosmetic surgery on lips. Some patient, such as Dorothy, really unhappy with results of operation, because of expectation of something quite different, something looking natural and perfect. In fact South Korea is the country on first place when it comes to the number of teen surgeries, according to the International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons. Do you believe that in 18-th birthday, adolescents are usually got cosmetic surgery on eye or nose from parents?! Kids from 14 are looking for the surgery, and double eye-lid is a favorite graduation gift from parents. When high school seniors are preparing for college or to work, the surgery clinics are the busiest. Making surgeries among the teen population become as routine deal as visit a dentist. Teenagers are plastic surgery experts. They tell the doctor, using scientific words, which surgery method to use, says Dr. Lee Min Ku, a Seoul surgeon whose patients are mostly in their teens or 20s. This phenomenon has painful aspect, that every person loses his individuality, his own appearance and surrounding people looking similar as twins – beautiful surgery victims. But there is other side of medal, other type of plastic surgery is a Reconstructive operation. Reconstructive procedures correct defects on the face or body. These include physical birth defects like cleft lips and palates and ear deformities, traumatic injuries. It is gives a helping hand to children and teenagers cope with the knowledge that he did not like others. To teenagers are difficult to live with such cosmetic defects, as they hinder the full development, as speech or communication with other guys. I think that changing in appearance when they are really needed very necessary, but teenagers should not do any change on what is already perfect and ideal, especially with the help of plastic intervention.

Legal Research Essay Example

Legal Research Essay Simon, a first year law student, decided to buy a DVD for use at university. He wanted a machine that would play his own DVDs as he had a collection of films he had copied from video to DVD at home. He explained exactly what he wanted at the shop. However, when he got the machine home he found it would not play home-recorded material, but it did play the pre-recorded DVDs he had bought. He went back to the shop but they said they did not have the machine he wanted at that he could not have his money back as the DVD player they sold him was in perfect working order. Simon, deciding he needed a break booked a holiday, looking for: Sun, sand and Sangria. He told the holiday agents exactly what he wanted; lots of people, a full night life, luxury accomodation and the beach. He was assured that Hotel Luxor in Macedonia in July would be perfect to meet his needs. He took the holiday, paying by credit card. On his arrival, he found himself booked into a small chalet in the mountains, where it snowed. There was no room service,lights out at 10.00 pm and the only other guest at the chalet was a surly sheep. Thoroughly dissapointed, Simon returned to Liverpool to resume his law studies. However, he had not paid his full fees from the previous year and was not allowed to enrol on the degree. Advise Simon of his legal remedies in all the above circumstances. We will write a custom essay sample on Legal Research specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Legal Research specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Legal Research specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer With view of the Sales of Goods Act 1979, Simon has a case for compensation in regards to a breach of conduct. In addition, Simon needs to look at Loss of Enjoyment, and Inconvinience, in regards to a falsely represented holiday abroad. Finally, the last paragraph deals with basic contract law, and the failure of paying for tuition fees. Section 2(1) of the Sale of Goods Act 1979 defines a contract of sales of goods as a contract by which the seller transfers or agrees to transfer the property in goods to the buyer for a money consideration, called the price. Section 13(1) of the Sale of Goods Act 1979 states that where there is a contract for the sale of goods by description, there is an implied term that the goods correspond with the discription. Section 14 deals with the implied terms about quality or fitness. Ss(3) states that where the seller sells goods in the course of a business and the buyer, expressly, or by implication, makes known to the seller (a) any particular purpose for which the goods are being bought, there is an implied term that the goods supplied under the contract are reasonably fit for that purpose Simon explained exactly what he wanted at the shop and thus the particular purpose as to why the good was being purchased, however the DVD machine that he purcahsed did not correspond with the description, and therefore did not satisfy the purpose for the purchase. An important remedy available to Simon is the rejection of the goods for breach of contract. Simon does not need to return the goods to the selller to reject the goods, as it is enough if he informs the seller that he refuses to accept them [Grimoldby v Wells] [1875]1. If there is any breach of condition within the time limited for performance the seller makes a conforming tender, then this may be effective. [Borrowman, Phillips Co v Free and Hollis] [1878]2. Simon may look to a compensatory damages for breach of conduct in regards to the DVD player. The aim of compensation is to put the claimant into as good a position as would have been if no breach of conduct had been committed. [Robinson v Harman] (1848)3 In 1994 a Bill was implemented and has now passed into law as the Sale and Supply of Goods Act 1994. The main change effecting this are to modify the quality warranties, and ammend the rules on acceptance and rejection. The three main terms laid down in the act are present in s13, s14(2), and s14(3), and the main objective of them is to give buyers some protection against the risk of the goods proving to have defects of quality or fitness for purpose. There is implied term that where goods are sold by description the goods must correspond with their description, however the protection here can be limited, particularly where the description of goods is not a detailed one. 4Distinction between s14(2) and s14(3) had been been muddled because such a wide interprentation has been given to s14(3) that it covers ordinary purpose as well as special purposes, leading to significant overlapping. Therefore Section 14(6) was implemented in order to distinguish between the two sections [Jones v Bright][1829]5 Section 14(6) provides the test of fitness for purpose. This provided the statutory definition of merchatable quality. Its main element requires that the goods should be reasonably fit for the purpose for which goods of that kind were commonly bought [Aswan Engineering Establishment Co v Lupdine Ltd] [1987]6 1 7Under the original section 14(1) the buyer has to satisfy the court that he had expressly or by implication made known to the seller the particular purpose for which the goods were required so as to show that he relied on the sellers skill or judgement The current s14(3) now mainly confirms the old case law on this point. It is now clear that the onus is on the buyer in the first place is to only show that he has made known the purpose for which the goods are being bought. Reliance will then be presumed, unless the seller can show it to have been unreasonable. [Grant v Austrailian Knitting Mills][1936]8 In Simons case, it states that he explained exactly what he wanted , and so it is assumed that the seller understood precisely what Simon required. The seller could argue that Simon was unreasonably reliant on him to find him the right good. [Dorset Yacht Company Ltd v Home Office], [1970]9. In contrast, if the defendants can show that the breach is so slight that it would be unreasonable for the buyer to reject the goods, then the breach will be just warranty.10 Damages may be awarded for injury to the victims inconvenience or loss of enjoyment where the inconvenience or loss would have been presumed to have been contemplated by the parties at the time of entering the contract [British Columbia Saw-Mill Co Ltd v Nettleship] [1868]11 12In contracts to provide entertainment and enjoyment, (such as holidays), damages may be awarded for loss of enjoyment and the frustration, annoyance and disappointment associated with such loss [Jarvis v Swans Tour] [1973]13 Since this decision in Jarvis v Swans Tour [1973], the courts have awarded damages for loss of enjoyment and the reduced value of the holiday purchased. A charge for reduced value of the holiday purchased (diminution in value) is where a service which has been contracted for, but has not been provided, or where there has been some other breach of the contract between the supplier of the holiday or service and the holidaymaker. If this is the case the claimant claims the difference between what he purchased and what he received Loss of enjoyment is the 14distress, vexation, disappointment and annoyance suffered by a claimant on holiday, and they were unable to enjoy their holiday because of factors for which the defendant is liable. Simon may be entitled to damages for disappointment and loss of enjoyment suffered as a result of the breach of contract. This recognises the objective of a holiday contract, to provide enjoyment, peace of mind and relaxation. To work out how much damges Simon would be awarded the judge would try to find the difference in value between what the holidaymaker contracted to receive and what was actually received. So for Simon it would be the difference between Sun, sand, and sangria, lots of people, full night life, luxury accommodation, and a beach and in contrast small chalet in the mountains, snow, no room service, lights out at 10pm, and no other guests. If Simon is to receive damages, the ammount awarded is dependant on a number of components. The main components consist of the length of the holiday, and the price of it. In addition, the importance of the holiday is a main factor. Simon could argue that the holiday was extremely important to him, as earlier on in the case it says he is in need of a break after the stress caused to him with the DVD player he purchased. If Simon can argue this case succesfully then the courts may look at his case in a favourable maner. It is likely Simon could claim a complete refund, if he can argue that the contract came to nothing and he got not one thing for which he had been contracted. Simon could argue that the holiday was inordinately bad [Forsdyke v Panorama Holiday Group Ltd][2002]15 as what he received was almost the opposite of what the contract he agreed, and therefore claim back between two and two and a half times the cost of the holiday, as suggested by District Judge Geoffery Martin. The University has made an offer to Simon of a place on the course. An offer is a proposal or proposition by one party, who is willing to be bound by the terms of the proposal if accepted by another party. An acceptance must be full and complete, and by Simon enroling on the course, he subsequently accepted in full the offer. 16Universities reserve the right to impose sanctions against students who refuse to pay fees, and may result in the suspension of the students registration. As Simon has failed to pay the University , he is unable to register for the next year of the course. However he may be allowed to be reinstated on the course if he clears the debt or some sort of a repayment schedule is agreed. In conclusion, Simon may look to receive compensation for the DVD player, as long as he takes the old one back in the same condition it was in when purchased. Furthermore, Simon may also look to be awarded in damages for loss of enjoyment, and inconvinience regarding the holiday to Macedonia, as it was not the holiday type he had described to the seller that he wanted. Finally, Simon may be able to get his place back on the unervisity course if he can pay the debt he owes to the university, subsequently if he can not afford to, then he can arrange a repayment schedule.

How the word Planet is Defined

How the word Planet is Defined What is a planet?  Astronomers get this question a lot.  It seems like a simple-enough thing to ask about, but in reality  the definition of the term planet seems to be a moving target. Its also at the heart of a controversy that continues to spur debate in the astronomy community. To answer the question what is a planet? it helps to look back at the event that brought the issue to a head in 2006: the seeming demotion of Pluto  from planet to dwarf planet. Pluto: Planet or Not? In 2006, the International Astronomical Union  demoted a small ball of rock and ice out in the outer third of the outer solar system from planet status. Pluto became known as a dwarf planet.  The outcry, both from within and outside of the scientific community, was astounding and the subject is still under intense discussions today. The planetary science community, which is probably the best equipped to help define the term, was overruled by astronomers (not many of them planetary scientists) at an IAU meeting where the issue came up for discussion and a vote.   Why Define Planet At All? The argument of course, is that our current clumping of all the round, non-star, non-moon  objects in our solar system was not ideal. Clearly Mercury and Jupiter dont share much in common, yet they are classified as planets. In 2000, the New York Hayden planetarium was renovated, and one of the exhibits grouped the planets by similar features. This made them easier to study and understand. It also created a more coherent display with greater educational potential. However, it put Pluto as the odd world out.   That by itself didnt change the definition of planet, however. The idea of planet was under discussion for a long time before that. It continues to be an issue as scientists discover more and more worlds out there.   The 2006 decision by the IAU has been steeped in controversy among scientists, particularly those in planetary science who had not attended the meeting where a scant few astronomers voted on planetary status. However, beyond that gaffe, the  greater point of contention is that the definition as arrived at by the IAU committee frankly doesnt even make sense. What is the Definition of a Planet? Lets look at what the IAU thinks a planet is. There are three requirements:   a planet is a world that orbits the Sun and not another object;a planet is an object with sufficient gravity to become round;a planet is a world that has cleared its orbital path of debris. This last one was thought to be a problem for Pluto, although recent discoveries by the New Horizons spacecraft show that theres not much to clear around Pluto,  not even a ring!   One could argue that  Earth has not been able to completely clear its path of debris.  However, no one is arguing with the classification of Earth as a planet. Effectively the IAU was placing a distance cap on how far a planet can be from its host star. And this just doesnt make sense. So What Should the Definition Be? OK, so  the IAUs definition has problems, but its still clear that the definition of planet needs more thought and work. It is important to classify objects, its simply part of the scientific endeavour. Biologists classify life, while chemists classify compounds, and so on. But the means by which you classify the objects in a system needs to be cohesive and non-conditional. So what about the planets, and Pluto specifically? What if we just took the first two conditions laid forth by the IAU and let it go at that: massive enough to be round, but not so much that it ignites nuclear burning? That would leave the eight objects that we already consider planets and add in the ones that we currently call dwarf planets. It just so happens that Pluto is large enough that it formed itself into a sphere under the pressure of its own gravity.  And, this fact is at the heart of the IAUs third condition for planet-hood. But that isnt the end of the debate either, and for now, officially,  Pluto remains a dwarf planet.   Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Using Más in Spanish as an Adverb, Noun, or Pronoun

Using Ms in Spanish as an Adverb, Noun, or Pronoun Ms is the word most commonly used in Spanish as the equivalent of more and sometimes most. It typically functions as an adverb but sometimes as an adjective or pronoun. Here is a guide to its usage: Using Ms to Mean ‘More’ or ‘Most’ In its most simple use, ms can come before an adjective or adverb to mean more or most, depending on the context. In the same way, ms is often the equivalent of the English suffix -er or -est.  ¿Cul es el idioma ms fcil para aprender? (What is the easiest language to learn?)Es ms difà ­cil vivir en el à ©xito. (It is more difficult to live with success.) ¿Si me baà ±o en cloro serà © ms blanco? (If I bathe in chlorine, will I be whiter?)La propulsià ³n warp de Star Trek se usa para viajar ms rpido que la luz. (Star Treks warp propulsion is used to travel faster than light.)El monte Fujiyama es conocido como la ms hermosa montaà ±a en la Tierra. (Mount Fujiyama is known as the most beautiful mountain on Earth.) When it comes before a noun, ms can function as a masculine or feminine adjective and also be translated as more. Its use as an adjective to mean most is possible but uncommon. Hay ms felicidad en dar que en recibir. (There is more happiness in giving than in receiving.)Puedes enviar una invitacià ³n por correo electrà ³nico a dos o ms personas a la vez. (You can send an invitation by email to two or more people at a time.) ¿Causa la contaminacià ³n del aire ms muertes extra al aà ±o que el tabaco? (Does air pollution cause more additional deaths each year than tobacco?) Ms can also function as a pronoun in the same way where it substitutes for ms noun: Tengo ms que tà º. (I have more than you.)Compramos ms cuando tenemos hambre. (We are buying more when we are hungry.)Lo ms que puedes lograr es ser nà ºmero dos. (The most you can accomplish is to be number two.) Ms Que vs. Ms De The phrase more than is nearly always translated as ms de or ms que. However, the two phrases are used in different ways, arent interchangeable, and should not be confused with each other. Ms de is used with numbers and quantities: Las olas, de ms de siete metros de altura, hicieron estragos. (The waves, more than 7 meters high, created havoc.)Habà ­a ms de un mil espectadores. (There were more than 1,000 spectators.)Es importante beber ms de dos litros de agua al dà ­a. (It is important to drink more than two liters of water per day.) Ms que is used otherwise. As in the second example below, an adjective or adverb can come between the ms and the que. Hoy te amo ms que ayer. (I love you more today than yesterday.)La paz es ms difà ­cil que la guerra. (Peace is more difficult than war.)Somos mucho ms que amigos. (We are much more than friends.) Using Ms With Verbs Although ms is often translated as more when used as an adverb following a verb, often it is better to let the context suggest a different translation:  ¡No puedo vivir ms con mis padres! (I cant live any longer with my parents!)Pienso ms cuando no hay distracciones. (I think better when there arent any distractions.)Esta pilas recargables duran ms. (These rechargeable batteries last longer.) Using Ms in Arithmetic In mathematical formulas, ms is the equivalent of plus: Dos ms dos es igual a cuatro. (Two plus two equals four.)La suma de cero ms cualquier nà ºmero da dicho nà ºmero. (The sum of zero plus any number gives that number.) Ms vs. Mas Ms should not be confused with mas, even though the two words sound alike and come from the same origin. Mas is a preposition meaning but. You wont hear it used very often- mas has a mostly literary use and in real life the word choice for but is pero. Centuries ago, ms and mas started out as the same word, with the former eventually getting the accent because it would get the stress as its more and but meanings diverged. Key Takeaways Ms is usually used as an adverb to mean more or most.Ms can also be used as an adjective or pronoun meaning more.Ms and mas are not the same word; the latter is a literary word meaning but.

Securities act of 1933 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Securities act of 1933 - Essay Example In fact, this law was brought into light after the great depression in 1929 in the US economy. By means of fraudulent activities, many companies sold fake securities based on false information and thus huge investment from the investors went in vain. So, underlying principle of 1933 act was to help potential investors get information about the company (issuer) and its securities that are offered for sale publicly. This overt expression from the issuer, thereby results a more concerned securities market because the investor were fully aware of the background of the company and their securities before investing money into purchase. Thus, it was a pressing need for a first major federal law which can govern the unstable situation in a uniform manner. In fact, from the buyer point of view, it was really inspiring step to make the issuers conformed to certain rules as to disclose their information accurately before they offer or sale securities. Regardless of whether securities must be registered, the 1933 Act makes it illegal to commit fraud in conjunction with the offer or sale of securities. A scammed investor can sue for recovery under the 1933 Act. Rule 144, promulgated by the SEC under the 1933 Act, permits, under limited circumstances, the sale of restricted and controlled securities without registration.. The amount of securities sold during any subsequent 3-month period generally does not exceed any of the following limitations: 1% of the stock outstanding, The avg. weekly reported volume of trading in the securities on all national securities exchanges for the preceding 4 weeks, and The avg. weekly volume of trading of the securities reported through the consolidated transactions reporting system (NASDAQ). Regulation S is a "safe harbor" that defines when an offering of 'securities' will be deemed to come to rest abroad and therefore not be subject to the registration obligations imposed under Section 5 of the 1933 Act. Civil Liability under the 1933 Securities Act Any violation of the registration requirements can be a cause to civil liability for the issuer and underwriters Sections 11, 12(a) (1) or 12(a) (2) of the Act. Additional

Thoreau's views of Nature is primarily subjective in which he Essay

Thoreau's views of Nature is primarily subjective in which he identified himself as a part of Nature whereas those of Darwin and - Essay Example His political view seems to be much closer to the concept of Individualism but at the same time, it is of dangerous effects in terms of the line he drew through the chapters like Civil Disobedience. As any other writer, Thoreau’s writings may bear resemblance to the thoughts of different authors. To see through him from the perspective of an individualist thinker in comparison with some other individualistic ideologists is interesting. John Locke, a prominent English writer and philosopher of the 17th century who questioned the divine rights of the King, triggered a revolution of theorization in the field of political and philosophical thoughts. Locke is strictly an empiricist, who holds the view that the experience of the senses is pivotal in pursuit of knowledge. In this sense, when we turn back to Thoreau and his practical experiment with the simplicity of life in Walden Pond, can we find any similarities or dissimilarities between Thoreau and Locke? Or can we say that did the views propounded by Thoreau derive from the Locke’s writing? This research paper is an attempt to look into Thoreau’s thoughts on nature from this viewpoint. Does Thoreau’s Views of Nature Stem from Locke’s Writings? Let’s start with a quote used by Thoreau in his essay titled Where I Lived and What I lived for. â€Å"I am monarch of all I survey; My right there is none to dispute† (Thoreau retrieved from http://thoreau.eserver.org/walden00.html) Thoreau asserts that man is supreme in constituting his understanding of nature as we see in the philosophy of empiricism. From these words, it is obvious that Thoreau believes that human beings are absolutely free to lead their life in nature as they wish and a particular government or a law cannot reign over the free will of them. Again in the essay titled Civil Disobedience, one of the most controversial and influential essays by him which inspired the great social thinkers like Mahatma Gandh i and Tolstoy, â€Å"I heartily accept the motto , that government is best which governs least(Thoreau. Retrieved from http://thoreau.eserver.org/civil1.html)†. We can a draw a line connecting the main thought of both of the citations, which accentuates man’s freedom in the state of nature. In this regard, he is obliged to Locke’s views of nature as we read the essay titled Of the State of Nature: TO understand political power right, and derive it from its original, we must consider,what state all men are naturally in, and that is, a state of perfect freedom to order their actions, and dispose of their possessions and persons, as they think fit, within the bounds of the law of nature, without asking leave, or depending upon the will of any other man. (Locke. retrieved from http://www.constitution.org/jl/2ndtre). Here, we can see the meeting points of the ideology of both the writers and it is most probable that Thoreau’s views must have shaped from Lockeà ¢â‚¬â„¢s thoughts. According to individualistic ideology man is supreme and above another’s restrictions. The above-mentioned wordings of the both of the writers assert the same line of thought in different manner. It is easy to infer from this similarity in thought that Thoreau should have forged his conception of nature and human freedom from the individualistic ideologists like Locke. Through the analysis of The Second Treatise of Government by Locke it is obvious that he upholds the view that sovereignty is secured in the hands

Leadership and Supervision Issues in Nathaniel Philbrick’s In the Heart of the Sea Essay Example for Free

Leadership and Supervision Issues in Nathaniel Philbrick’s In the Heart of the Sea Essay Nathaniel Philbrick’s In the Heart of the Sea describes the tragic final voyage of the Nantucket-based whaler Essex in 1820. The Essex was a floating factory, a comparatively small but sturdy vessel designed to travel great distances to find, kill, and process whales, thus yielding the extremely valuable whale oil and other products. In the Heart of the Sea also describes a series of errors, mishaps and miscalculations—often with fatal results—in the management, leadership and supervision of the enterprise. These events, despite the distance in time, provide scenarios to compare and contrast present-day concepts of leadership and supervision. The story of the Essex illustrates numerous instances of (a) poor planning before and during the journey, (b) poor staffing decisions before and during the journey, (c) indecisive and/or poor leadership and (d) poor supervision which contributed to the difficult journey, the sinking of the Essex and the horrible aftermath. Typical of the practices of the era and locale, Essex was captained, but not owned and provisioned, by a sailor-officer who had risen through the ranks. This would be the first command voyage of Captain George Pollard, Jr. By all accounts he had successfully risen to First Mate of the Essex on previous voyages and was given captaincy when the former captain was given a newer and larger vessel. Unfortunately he inherited a worn ship soon to be out of commission. Accordingly the owners spent as little as possible on repairs of the vessel and even less on provisions for the multi-year cruise. There is no indication Pollard had any input in either decision. As this was his first command he was likely to remain in his employers’ good graces and refrain from insisting on better repairs and outfitting. To further compound these initial as well as future problems was the wage payment structure in which Pollard and the crew were essentially working on commission. Payment to officers and seamen alike would be a portion based on rank and seniority paid only if the valuable whale oil was safely in port. Other experienced captains had the ability and option to add to the original provisions. Pollard either decided to set sail despite the meager provisions or was unable to supplement them by his own means. This system strongly contrasts to management practices of the day as well as contemporary practices. Owner-operated businesses were not at all uncommon in the era with a strong â€Å"hands-on† style of leadership. Most striking would be the owner-operated vessels with a captain well-versed on ship maintenance and outfitting. Obviously today anyone would be considered naive at best and insane at worst to take on such a logistical task of any sort without having been given decision-making authority. Today even with companies having distant or publicly held ownership the leadership and decision-makers of the company are urged to â€Å"buy into† the company in the sense of making decisions and leading in a manner consistent with actual ownership. If Pollard can be excused to some extent for the poor decision-making at home port, the disastrous lack of planning during his maiden voyage is his burden alone. After almost loosing his ship virtually at the onset of the voyage he is either unable or incapable of tactical or strategic planning when the Essex is destroyed. With a previously damaged vessel prudence would dictate some sort of â€Å"disaster plan† short of a belief that lightening will not strike the same place twice. While the Essex was sinking it was the foresight of others who managed to salvage essential items. Some decisions defied common sense. Instead of cooking and preparing a substantial amount of available turtle meat he simply placed two live turtles with each surviving whaleboat. Perhaps Pollard did not think the unthinkable could happen again. Such planning and preparedness is not something novel, for his era or ours. It is simply the ability to survive the unexpected and the wisdom to learn from it. Contemporary leadership in management, government, and virtually any other field must be prepared for the unexpected. The unexpected and the disastrous will certainly occur, usually when least expected. It then also becomes a learning experience for leadership to plan and think for the â€Å"unplanned and unthinkable†. Consistent with the idea of poor or non-existent planning was the Nantucket concept of staffing vessels with the unskilled. Pollard’s ship was manned by a significant number of â€Å"sailors† who had never lived in Nantucket nor experienced life on a whaler. Other â€Å"sailors† included inexperienced Nantucket youngsters anxious for their first cruise as well as officers sailing in newly-promoted ranks. It was expected of Pollard and his officers to essentially conduct on-the-job training for the unskilled staff. However, once again, if Pollard can be excused for having to deal with something out of his control, the staffing decisions made during the disaster were his alone. Most glaring was the decision regarding the placement of the survivors in what would become their lifeboats. No consideration was given to skill, ability or health. Instead, it was a system based on whether a sailor was black or white, Nantucketer or not. Apprenticeships and on-the-job training are time-honored practices dating back centuries and still valid today. Both systems are based on both a lengthy or at least sufficient period of time and a non-critical or at least supervised situation. The apprentice or OJT worker will make mistakes and is given the opportunity to make them and learn from them in a controlled situation. Once skilled, the staffing pattern must be developed to maintain whatever production or quality standard is to be met. In an emergency situation such decisions must be made by leadership without being distracted by pointless issues of race, class, or place of birth. Again, Pollard can be shielded to some extent by the customs and practices of his day. Contemporary leaders have no such excuse. Decision-making is often made in the lonely vacuum of sole command, something that Pollard, at times, was unable or willing to do. â€Å"Leadership by consensus† was not something he learned, but he did indeed practice. Additionally, indecision is in fact a decision, and one that eats time. After the initial near-fatal keeling of his ship Pollard commits both errors: he abdicates sole leadership, procrastinates, reverses himself, and by trying to lead by consensus ultimately leads his ship to disaster. Again, forces work against Pollard. To turn back with a damaged empty ship would result in no wages and possibly a loss of command. By deciding to continue the voyage with a damaged ship, lost provisions, and lost whaleboats Pollard was not talking a calculated risk, he was essentially dooming his ship and crew to disaster. Modern management case studies abound with the disastrous stories of managers failing to decide and having that â€Å"activity† yield worse results than a bad decision. Most missions are time-critical and while many, if not most missions can have a built-in method of correcting erroneous decisions there is no method for reversing time lost in indecision. The texts are equally full of the horror stories of leaders who take the â€Å"ahead at all costs† attitude without a realistic appraisal of whether their â€Å"ship† can handle the journey. This inevitably results in the learned experience that â€Å"profitability at all costs† is very unprofitable. After the sinking of the Essex a variety of decisions were made, some based on common sense, or lack of same, and others based on the nautical knowledge of the time. Perhaps the most glaring was the decision to allow the surviving whaleboats to operate in an individual fashion, without tying together during the night. While a questionable seafaring decision, it casts some light on broader contemporary issues. During critical situations, whether a production run or a full-scale emergency it is common sense and a practical necessity to maintain communication and command. Failure to maintain either can jeopardize the personnel and the mission. In the Heart of the Sea is filled with numerous examples of poor supervision. From the very onset there is no indication Pollard really supervised the repair and provisioning of his vessel; it all likelihood he delegated a great deal of this responsibility to his First and Second Mate. There is no indication he did a thorough, hands-on investigation of his damaged vessel after the initial near-sinking. Once whaling he was out in a whaleboat, as was the custom, instead of being in a position on deck to supervise all of the events that would unfold. There is no indication he personally undertook a surveillance of Henderson Island to determine if it could sustain the crew, or in the alternative, if it could better provision the survivors on their continued voyage. During many of the catastrophic events Pollard seemed overwhelmed and incapacitated by the situation. He was unable to command and supervise what can only be described as life-threatening or life-saving activity unfolding in front of him. Once all was lost he decided to allow the boats to go their own way, and was unable to maintain the supervision of survivors when that was his most critical duty. Throughout the disastrous journey the questionable command of Pollard is and will be debated. What is certain is there was considerable doubt at the time that he exercised the decision-making responsibilities in a prudent manner. The captain of a ship and the leader of a corporation must be able to face a situation, whether mundane or critical, and make very quick and decisive actions. First and foremost is the decision of whether to take a â€Å"hands on† approach or delegate responsibility. There is no easy or set answer, and either method can be disastrous, if a leader usurps a subordinate’s better command of a situation or if responsibility is delegated to someone incapable of handling the situation. However, the command of a ship is unique and very similar to many organizational situations in that the leader at the very top is expected to be well-versed and capable of every function in the entire organization. If that is not the case, then the leader must have a clear understanding of his personal abilities and limitations as well as that of all of the subordinates in the chain of command. Throughout the narratives and accounts which the book is comprised of there is mention of, and no doubt that the captain knew his ship better than anyone. However, it became very obvious at the onset that his knowledge of his and his officers’ capabilities was suspect. At only one point was Pollard described as acting with the authority and decisiveness normally required of a ship’s captain. He quickly and ferociously responded to an early â€Å"protest† by the crew relating to what they considered poor rations. His outburst and threatened action quelled the protest and certainly left the crew with no doubt of his intent. However, what is missing is the not-unusual comments and attitude from crewmen indicating complete respect of their captain and their willingness to follow his commands, regardless of outcome, because of their knowledge of him and his ability. It is imperative upon leaders to not just know their workplace, but to know their staff. It is not enough to â€Å"go ballistic† once in a while to let the staff know what will happen if something is discovered amiss or in response to what behavior is not to be tolerated. Command through intimidation is foolhardy; what is necessary of leadership is to prove competency to staff and subordinates to the point where there is no doubt there is respect in the leader’s ability. At that point leadership becomes â€Å"natural† if and when the staff and subordinates believe the leadership will in fact lead, but do so in a manner that takes into account the well-being, if not survival, of all. In modern society â€Å"survival† is often economic survival, and depending on the organization or industry economic survival must be paramount in management’s priorities. Pollard lost on both counts; the voyage was a complete economic disaster and resulted in the deaths of the majority of his crew. The journey was a voyage of poor planning, staffing, decision-making and supervision. It is an epic of missed opportunities and unrealistic goals. It is a blueprint for any manager or leader in what not to do. Leadership cannot afford to be unprepared in any of the areas noted above. Each interact and influence the other, often in ways unanticipated and noted only too late. It is easy, but very necessary to look at situations with twenty-twenty hindsight if lessons are to be learned and errors prevented in the future. There is a host of what-if questions presented by In the Heart of the Sea which every leader should take to heart.

The Voyage of the Dawn Treader by C.S. Lewis :: essays research papers

The Voyage of the Dawn Treader By: C.S. Lewis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are three main characters in the story, Edmund, Lucy, and Eustace. Lucy and Edmund are brother and sister and Eustace is their cousin. Edmund is a young teenager, very smart and very kind. Lucy is in her mid teens as well, she is a very happy person. Lucy is always trying to help people with there problems.The setting is first the early 1900’s in England and then in Narnia the fictional world the story is based on.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The story begins with Edmund and Lucy sitting in there room talking about Narnia. Eustace is listening outside their door and comes in to make fun of them. There is a picture of a ship on the wall and as Eustace calls Narnia fake water begins coming into the room out of the picture. The next thing they know they are in the ocean and the ship is at there side. The ship is a group of Narnians sailing east looking for the seven lost lords of Narnia. Caspain the king of Narnia is leading the search group along with Ripecheep the leader of the talking mice.( In Narnia animals talk and walk around like humans) Edmund, Lucy, and Eustace since came into the world in the ocean they have to go along on the rescue mission. They come to an island and they had to find food and supplies. Eustace decided to go rest for awhile and finds a place up a hill. When he wakes from his nap there is a thick fog and he thinks he knows the way that he came from. He walks down into a valley and sees a pond and decides to take a drink. He sees a cave and decides to go in. Inside the cave there is gold, jewels, crowns, diamond, all kinds of treasure. He puts a bracelet on and while he was sitting in a pile of gold he fell back asleep. When he woke up his arm was very sores and noticed the band was now very tight. Eustace walked over to the pond to take a drink and see s the relexion of a dragon in the water. He had been turned to a dragon by taking the dragons gold. He is a dragon for a few days then Aslan(Aslan is the great emperor of Narnia) comes to visit him and changes him back.

Data Gathering Procedure Essay

After the validation of the instrument, the researchers secured a written permit to the administrators of Alicia National High School, Records from the registrar office and guidance office are useful enough for the needed data on the list of student who are dropouts, repeaters, balik-arals and students with failed grades. After given permission, the researchers explained the purpose of the study to the selected respondents and then they made sure each participant corresponds to their predefined criteria. The researchers collected the data by means of survey questionnaire that comprises their age, gender, and year level and student status. The problems encountered by the respondents will be identified through the second part of the survey questionnaire that was given to them. After, the respondents have taken the tests; the papers were checked, tallied, interpreted and analyzed. Research Design In this study, the descriptive-survey method was employed to identify the role and significance of The Computerized Library System of City of Cauayan, District II, Cauayan City, Isabela, Philippines. To define the descriptive type of research, Creswell (1994) stated that the descriptive method of research is to gather information about the present existing condition. The aim of descriptive research is to verify formulated hypotheses that refer to the present situation in order to elucidate it. The descriptive approach is quick and practical in terms of the financial aspect. Moreover, this method allows a flexible approach, thus, when important new issues and questions arise during the duration of the study, further investigation may be conducted. A survey is a structured way of learning about a larger group of people by obtaining information from a representative sample of that particular group of people. Some of the advantages of a survey are that it describes the characteristics of a large population and there is no other method of observation, which can provide this general capability. It allows many questions to be asked about a given topic by giving considerable flexibility to the analysis. A survey is also a single most widely used research design in educational research; therefore, it was used in this educational research as well (Kavetuna,  2009). Purposive sampling method was done for the sample selection. A purposive sample refers to the selection of units based on personal judgment rather than randomization. This judgmental sampling is in some way â€Å"representative† of the population of interest without sampling at random. Purposive sampling can be very useful for situations where it is needed to reach a targeted sample quickly and where sampling for proportionality is not the primary concern. In relation with the study, the researchers identified The Computerized Library System of City of Cauayan, District II, Cauayan City, Isabela, Philippines. It seeks to provide information and examine the relationship among variables. Theoretical Framework According to Erik Erikson’s Psycho-Social Development of Personality, particularly the conflict stage of â€Å"industry versus inferiority,† that lasts from 6 to 11 years. In our culture, school life begins here. This stage is the beginning of life outside the family; a stage of systematic instruction, a movement from play to a sense of work. This stage describes that a child needs to do well and develop a sense of work completion and satisfaction in a job well done. Otherwise, the child develops a sense of inferiority and inequality. Another is the adolescence stage termed, â€Å"identity versus identity confusion† that occurs between 12 to 20 years, it emphasizes the difficult transition between childhood and adulthood that can be strongly affected by social limitations and possibilities. The adolescent is likely to suffer from confused roles. Doubts about one’s sexual attractiveness and sexual identity are common to this stage. The inability to develop a sense of identification with an individual or cultural role model who gives direction to one’s life can lead to a period of floundering and insecurity. Another reaction is over identification with youth-culture heroes or clique leaders leading to a loss of identity. Because of these crucial stages where most high school students in the country are where at, many problems arises that can affect their functioning in their daily lives. An additional theory is from Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs, which points out the basic human needs. He believed that exposure to environmental conditions that permit or prohibit gratification of the basic needs prompts movement up or down the hierarchy of needs. Maslow suggests  that, without the fulfilment of these needs, an individual may feel discouraged, weak and inferior. In line with this study, if a student feels discouraged and inferior, his motivation may be affected and thus, there will certainly have inhibitions especially with his performance in school. Moreover, Carl Rogers’ Self-theory that points out that the ultimate goal of each one is to be a fully functioning person. It is a process in which the individual constantly pursues his or her actualizing tendency, and at the same time behaves in a manner that is true to the self. Rogers also described the characteristics of a fully functioning person these are: openness to experiences, existential living, self-trust, sense of freedom and creativity. With these theories, the researchers will conduct a study on The Computerized Library System of City of Cauayan, District II, Cauayan City, Isabela, Philippines as a basis for a proposed guidance intervention program.

Chapter 22 Apush Key Terms

Marcus Pando Period 4 Chapter 22 Key Terms Describe and state the historical significance of the following: 7. Freedmen's Bureau Initiated by President Abraham Lincoln and was intended to last for one year after the end of the Civil War. At the end of the war, the Bureau's main role was providing emergency food, housing, and medical aid to refugees, though it also helped reunite families. Later, it focused its work on helping the freedmen adjust to their conditions of freedom.Its main job was setting up work opportunities and supervising labor contracts. 8. Exodusters Was a name given to African Americans who left the south[Kansas] in 1879 and 1880. After the end of Reconstruction, racial oppression and rumors of the reinstitution of slavery led many freedmen to seek a new place to live. 9. Wade-Davis Bill Was a bill proposed for the Reconstruction of the South written by two Radical Republicans, Senator Benjamin Wade of Ohio and Representative Henry Winter Davis of Maryland.In contr ast to President Abraham Lincoln's more lenient Ten Percent Plan, the bill made re-admittance to the Union for former Confederate states contingent on a majority in each Southern state to take the Ironclad oath to the effect they had never in the past supported the Confederacy. 10. Percent Plan 11. moderate/radical Republicans Radical Republicans were a loose faction of American politicians within the Republican Party from about 1854 (before the American Civil War) until the end of Reconstruction in 1877.They called themselves â€Å"radicals† and were opposed during the war by moderates and conservative factions led by Abraham Lincoln and after the war by self-described â€Å"conservatives† (in the South) and â€Å"Liberals† (in the North). Radicals strongly opposed slavery during the war and after the war distrusted ex-Confederates, demanding harsh policies for the former rebels, and emphasizing civil rights and voting rights for Freedmen (recently freed slaves ). [1] 12. Black Codes Black Codes were laws in the United States after the Civil War with the effect of limiting the civil rights and civil liberties of blacks.Even though the U. S. constitution originally discriminated against blacks and both Northern and Southern states had passed discriminatory legislation from the early 19th century, the term Black Codes is used most often to refer to legislation passed by Southern states at the end of the Civil War to control the labor, migration and other activities of newly-freed slaves. 13. sharecropping Sharecropping is a system of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on the land (e. g. , 50% of the crop).Sharecropping has a long history and there are a wide range of different situations and types of agreements that have encompassed the system. Some are governed by tradition, others by law. 14. Civil Rights Act A United States federal law that was mainly intended to pro tect the civil rights of African-Americans, in the wake of the American Civil War. The Act was enacted by Congress in 1865 but vetoed by President Andrew Johnson. In April 1866 Congress again passed the bill. Although Johnson again vetoed it, a two-thirds majority in each house overcame the veto and the bill became law. 5. Fourteenth Amendment Its Citizenship Clause provides a broad definition of citizenship that overruled the Supreme Court's ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) that had held that black people could not be citizens of the United States. [1] Its Due Process Clause prohibits state and local governments from depriving persons of life, liberty, or property without certain steps being taken to ensure fairness. This clause has been used to make most of the Bill of Rights applicable to the states, as well as to recognize substantive and procedural rights.Its Equal Protection Clause requires each state to provide equal protection under the law to all people within its ju risdiction. This clause was the basis for Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the Supreme Court decision which precipitated the dismantling of racial segregation in United States education. In Reed v. Reed (1971), the Supreme Court ruled that laws arbitrarily requiring sex discrimination violated the Equal Protection Clause. The amendment also includes a number of clauses dealing with the Confederacy and its officials. 17. Reconstruction ActAfter the end of the American Civil War, as part of the on-going process of Reconstruction, the United States Congress passed four statutes known as Reconstruction Acts. The actual title of the initial legislation was â€Å"An act to provide for the more efficient government of the Rebel States† and it was passed on March 2, 1867. Fulfillment of the requirements of the Acts were necessary for the former Confederate States to be readmitted to the Union. The Acts excluded Tennessee, which had already ratified the 14th Amendment and had been readmitted to the Union. 8. Fifteenth Amendment Prohibits each government in the United States from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's â€Å"race, color, or previous condition of servitude† (for example, slavery). It was ratified on February 3, 1870. The Fifteenth Amendment is one of the Reconstruction Amendments. 19. Ex parte Milligan Was a United States Supreme Court case that ruled that the application of military tribunals to citizens when civilian courts are still operating is unconstitutional.It was also controversial because it was one of the first cases after the end of the American Civil War. 22. scalawags Were southern whites who supported Reconstruction and the Republican Party after the Civil War. Like similar terms such as â€Å"carpetbagger† the word has a long history of use as a slur against southerners considered by other conservative or pro-federation Southerners to betray southern values by supporting policies considered Nort hern such as desegregation and racial integration. 1] The term is commonly used in historical studies as a neutral descriptor of Southern White Republicans, though some historians have discarded the term due to its history of pejorative connotations. [2] 23. carpetbaggers Was a pejorative term Southerners gave to Northerners (also referred to as Yankees) who moved to the South during the Reconstruction era, between 1865 and 1877.24. Ku Klux Klan advocated extremist reactionary currents such as white supremacy, white nationalism, and anti-immigration, historically expressed through terrorism. 10] Since the mid-20th century, the KKK has also been anti-communist. [10] The current manifestation is splintered into several chapters with no connections between each other; it is classified as a hate group by the Anti-Defamation League and the Southern Poverty Law Center. [11] It is estimated to have between 3,000 and 5,000 members as of 2012. [12] The first Klan flourished in the Southern U nited States in the late 1860s, then died out by the early 1870s. Members adopted white costumes: robes, masks, and conical hats, designed to be outlandish and terrifying, and to hide their identities. 13]The second KKK flourished nationwide in the early and mid 1920s, and adopted the same costumes and code words as the first Klan, while introducing cross burnings. [14] The third KKK emerged after World War II and was associated with opposing the Civil Rights Movement and progress among minorities. The second and third incarnations of the Ku Klux Klan made frequent reference to the USA's â€Å"Anglo-Saxon† and â€Å"Celtic† blood, harking back to 19th-century nativism and claiming descent from the original 18th-century British colonial revolutionaries. 15] The first and third incarnations of the Klan have well-established records of engaging in terrorism and political violence, though historians debate whether or not the tactic was supported by the second KKK. 25. Forc e Acts Can refer to several groups of acts passed by the United States Congress. The term usually refers to the events after the American Civil War. 26. Tenure of Office Act Was a federal law (in force from 1867 to 1887) that was intended to restrict the power of the President of the United States to remove certain office-holders without the approval of the Senate.The law was enacted on March 3, 1867, over the veto of President Andrew Johnson. It purported to deny the president the power to remove any executive officer who had been appointed by a past president, without the advice and consent of the Senate, unless the Senate approved the removal during the next full session of Congress. 27. Impeachment of President Johnson The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson, 17th President of the United States, was one of the most dramatic events in the political life of the United States during Reconstruction, and the first impeachment in history of a sitting United States president.Johnson was impe ached for his efforts to undermine Congressional policy; he was acquitted by one vote. The Impeachment was the consummation of a lengthy political battle, between the moderate Johnson and the â€Å"Radical Republican† movement that dominated Congress and sought control of Reconstruction policies. Johnson was impeached on February 24, 1868 in the U. S. House of Representatives on eleven articles of impeachment detailing his â€Å"high crimes and misdemeanors†,[1] in accordance with Article Two of the United States Constitution.The House's primary charge against Johnson was with violation of the Tenure of Office Act, passed by Congress the previous year. Specifically, he had removed Edwin M. Stanton, the Secretary of War (whom the Tenure of Office Act was largely designed to protect), from office and replaced him with Major General Lorenzo Thomas. The House agreed to the articles of impeachment on March 2, 1868. The trial began three days later in the Senate, with Suprem e Court Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase presiding.Trial concluded on May 26 with Johnson's acquittal, the votes for conviction being one less than the required two-thirds tally. The impeachment and subsequent trial gained a historical reputation as an act of political expedience, rather than necessity, based on Johnson's defiance of an unconstitutional piece of legislation and with little regard for the will of the public (which, despite the unpopularity of Johnson, opposed the impeachment). Until the impeachment of Bill Clinton 131 years later, it was the only presidential impeachment in the history of the United States.

Summary 2 Example

Summary 2 Example Summary 2 – Coursework Example English Summary: Nativism & KKK Racial and religious prejudice and anti-Semantic propaganda characterized America in the 1920s.Newspapers and pamphlets distributed across schools and the public fueled the itinerary of supporters of the anti-immigration movement. The Sacco-Vanzetti Case, involving two Italian immigrants, aroused considerable deliberation among the American populace, and the world at large. The prosecution settled on the extremism of the two anarchists, Nicola Sacco and Bartolemeo Vanzetti. Conservatives were against liberals, socialists, and radical groups from Europe who protested against the electrocution of the anarchists. Although it was later substantiated through ballistics reports that Sacco was guilty, the prejudgment surrounding the case was palpable. The symbolic importance of the case exposed the nature of the rotten American society. The Ku Klux Klan (KKK), with a membership base of around five million, had a nativist, white-supremacist philosophy that fur thered the tension experienced in 1920’s America. A profit-making scheme by two Atlanta entrepreneurs supported the activities of the KKK group through the provision of the required regalia. The group proposed Americanism, meaning that there was a widespread disregard for Blacks, Catholics, aliens, and even women. Their agenda to restore the nation’s lost limpidness appealed to the wider populace in several ways, although they were led by unethical and distrustful leaders whose sole aim was to make money. Their use of guerilla tactics such as threats and lynchings spread far to the masses and the political scene. On March 1925, KKK collapsed unexpectedly, especially after details of their political incorrectness emerged. Its activities were suppressed till the 1950s during the civil-rights activism period when it reemerged.

3 Changes That Will Take Your Essay From Good To Great

3 Changes That Will Take Your Essay From Good To Great Whether youre sitting down to write a research paper for English class about Buddha or youre hours deep in the writing portion of the ACT, you want to write a great essay. And although different people have different notions about what makes an essay truly great, there are a number of things that educators and writers generally agree upon as gold-quality standards. Here are three of those qualities that can take your essay from basic to fabulous. 1. Language The usage of language in an essay is more than just the actual words you use throughout. Things like sentence structure, stylistic choices, levels of formality, grammar, usage, and mechanics all come into play.    Good Language Good language in an essay is merely adequate. Its basic. Theres nothing inherently wrong  with your language, but theres nothing exceptional about it, either. Good essay language means youre using  some variety in your sentence structures. For instance, you may write a few simple sentences interspersed with some compound sentences. Your level of formality and tone are also appropriate to the essay. Youre not using familiar language and slang, for example, when youre writing a research report in class. Good language in an essay does not disrupt your thesis. Your point gets across and thats all well and fine if youre happy with a good essay. Example:  When Jack walked into his grandmothers kitchen, he spotted the freshly baked cake on the counter. He helped himself to a huge piece. It was chocolate, and the frosting was a delicious vanilla buttercream. He licked his lips and took a gigantic bite.   Great Language Great language is fresh, full of sensory detail when appropriate and propels your essay forward in invigorating ways. Great language uses a variety of sentence structures and even some intentional fragments when appropriate. Your tone isnt merely adequate; it enhances your argument or point. Your language is precise. Its chosen specifically to add nuance or shades of meaning. The sensory details you select pull your readers in, giving them goosebumps, and make them want to keep on reading. Great language makes readers take what youve said very seriously. Example:  Jack stepped over the threshold of his grandmothers kitchen and inhaled. Chocolate cake. His stomach rumbled. He walked to the counter, mouth watering, and took a   rose-pattered china plate from the cabinet and a bread knife from the drawer. The slice he sawed off was enough for three. The first bite of rich vanilla buttercream made his jaw ache. Before he knew it, nothing was left but chocolate crumbs scattered on the plate like confetti.   2. Analysis Teachers are always asking you to dig deep in your essay, but what does that really mean? Depth is the level at which you analyze the topic you are writing about. The deeper you dive into your essay, the more poking and prodding at values, tensions, complexities, and assumptions you will do.   Good Analysis The word analysis in and of itself implies a certain level of depth. A good analysis will use reasoning and examples that are clear and adequately demonstrate the importance of the topic. Support may be relevant, but it may come across as overly general or simplistic. You will have scratched the surface of the topic, but you will not have explored as many of the complexities as you could have.   Lets take, for example, this question: Should cyberbullying be stopped by the government? Example: Cyberbullying needs to be stopped in its tracks by the government because of the harm that it causes to the victim. Teenagers who have been bullied online have had to be treated for depression, have felt compelled to change schools, and some have even committed suicide. A persons life is too important not to intervene.   Great Analysis A great analysis of a topic is a thoughtful critique that demonstrates insight. It critiques assumptions and details complexities not hinted at in just a good analysis. In the example above, the good analysis mentions the harm to a victim of bullying and names three things that could happen to him or her because of it, but doesnt get into other areas that might offer more insight like societal values, governmental control, effects rippling from one generation to the next, for example.   Example:  Although cyberbullying needs to be stopped - the effects are to dire not  to intervene - the government cannot be the entity to regulate speech online. The fiscal and personal costs would be staggering. Not only would citizens be forced to give up their First Amendment rights to free speech, they would have to relinquish their rights to privacy, as well. The government would be everywhere, becoming even more of a big brother than they are right now. Who would pay for such scrutiny? Citizens would pay with their freedom and  their wallets.   3. Organization Organization can quite literally make or break your essay. If a reader doesnt understand how youve gotten from point A to point B because none of your dots seem to connect, then he or she wont be compelled to read any further. And more importantly, he or she will not have listened to what you have had to say. And thats the biggest problem there is.   Good Organization A standard five-paragraph essay structure is what most students use when they write essays. They start with an introductory paragraph ending with a thesis sentence. They move on to body paragraph one with a topic sentence, and then proceed, with a few scattered transitions, to body paragraphs two and three. They round out their essay with a conclusion that neatly restates the thesis and ends with a question or a challenge. Sound about right? If this sounds like every essay youve ever written, then you can be sure youre not alone. Its a perfectly adequate structure for a basic essay.   Example: Introduction with thesis Body paragraph oneSupport oneSupport twoSupport three Body paragraph twoSupport oneSupport twoSupport three Body paragraph threeSupport oneSupport twoSupport threeConclusion with restated thesis Great Organization Great organization tends to move beyond just simple supports and basic transitions. Ideas will progress logically and increase the arguments success. Transitions within and between paragraphs will strengthen the argument and heighten meaning. If you start out organizing your essay strategically, with room for analysis and counterarguments built in, your chances of building a great essay improve by quite a bit. And some students find it easier to get more in depth by writing a four-paragraph essay instead of five. You can engaged more with a particular topic in the body paragraphs if you knock out your weakest argument and focus instead on providing a deeper, more thoughtful analysis with just two.   Example:   Introduction with thesis Body paragraph oneSupport one with detailed analysisSupport two that addresses values, complexities and assumptionsCounterpoint and dismissal of the counterpoint Body paragraph twoSupport one with detailed analysisSupport two that addresses values, complexities and assumptionsCounterpoint and dismissal of the counterpointConclusion with restated thesis and option for better idea Writing Great Essays If your goal is to move forward out of mediocrity, then spend some time learning the basics of great essay writing. After that, pick up your pencil or paper and practice. Nothing will prepare you better for your next essay then writing strategically-organized, well-analyzed, and carefully-worded paragraphs when the pressure  isnt  on. Here are some places to start: Enhanced ACT Writing Essay PromptsOld SAT Essay PromptsPhoto Writing Prompts for Any Age14 Ways to Write Better in High School

Windshield survey of Los Angeles California Assignment

Windshield survey of Los Angeles California - Assignment Example In reference to public health, the community is usually viewed as the client. It is imperative that proper planning is done in addressing the welfare of a community. One way of planning is through surveys. This paper is a Windshield Survey of Los Angeles, California. Housing and zoning The policy of land use is how land is used by communities within their boundaries. This policy establishes density for zonal development and development intensity for industrial and commercial uses. The overall plan is to manage all uses of land occurring in Los Angeles County by providing the scheme on how the to plan and address challenges of land use that may be faced. The element of land use uses short-term programs and strategies of providing comprehensive and flexible guidelines for the decisions on county land use and future development. This element also identifies the policies and goals that guide the extent of land housing, general location of housing, and other land uses in the county (Todd, 2007). Transport One of the major means of transport are, air transportation as evidenced by the presence of airports such as Lax (Los Angeles international Airport) and Ontario international airport. Other means of transport are train and bus services between cities, ferry services for water transport, bus services within the city and walking on foot. Race and ethnicity The downtown consists of Asians, African Americans, white non-Hispanic, Chinese, Filipino, Mexican, Korean, and Indian among others. These groups are said to outnumber whites. Open space The open space has Los Angeles union station which is the major transportation Hub that converge railways and bus services. It also has a collection of shops, a museum, and eateries police departments, with their buildings, shopping malls, city hall and commercial banks. Service centers There are various service centers which look into the welfare of the parties involved. These include; AIDS Service Center, Korean American Family S ervice Center, Ori's Automotive Service Center, Chinatown service center, L.A. Gay & Lesbian Center. Religion and politics The main religious bodies include; Catholics, Pentecostals, Baptists, Lutherans, Jewish, Islam, Eastern, Presbyterian, Methodist, Episcopalian, and other Christians. The county has different political parties. (Brint, 2009) American independent party pledges to stop wars which are claiming lives of more Americans, stop impulse spending on foreign aid, do away with federal income tax, slow down immigration, stop illegal alien entering the country, defend national moral values, stop abortion, raise the standards of education, among other pledges. Communist party pledges to defeat the Bush administration agenda, ensure people’s wellbeing, and replace large business with labor to ensure that rights, expanding needs of the people and economic security are put on the forefront. Republican Party has a mission of winning elections. Reform party promotes job openi ngs, budget balance, alternative energy sources, debt repayment, military families’ fairness, and reform in healthcare, government waste elimination, finance reform campaigns and many others. Other parties include; Constitution Party, Democratic Party, Democratic Socialists , Green Party, Libertarian Party, Natural Law Party, Socialist Party (Peterson, 1994). Official Boundaries of the County The county boundary starts from the southwesterly of California to northeasterly of rancho Simi then to southeast of the township line. Stores and street people The county contains the largest number of homeless people in the whole nation. This is approximated to be

Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Politics - Essay Example In the article by Nicholas Kristof (2010) â€Å"Poverty and the Pill† it is shown that African women do not even think that they are able not to get pregnant all the time. Those desperate women looking on us from the website scare off American or European women, which can make their own choice whether to give birth to their children or not. There is an option of financing of this continent and make childbirth control possible there, but this decision in Africa depends not only on a woman, but also on her husband, which does not want to prevent his children from coming into this world. An incredible rate of poverty makes these women suffer from a constant process of child producing. Therefore, it is possible to stop poverty in Africa and there is no need to make it grow even more intensely in case of a constant process of childbirth giving by the African women. Video lecture Therefore, in order to deal with poverty there is a need to make numerous attempts globally and find rea l heroes, which are able to deal with poverty. Jacqueline Novogratz is one of those strong-willed persons, enabled to deal with poverty, to open their hearts and to help weaker people to live a normal life. It is worth remembering that poverty is involuntarily living under conditions, when there is a lack of resources, which are necessary for our daily lives, such as food, shelter and clothes. Jacqueline Novogratz tells her story about a different capitalism and she lived in Africa in order to see what poverty is from within. She learned very important lessons from staying with people from Africa. Firstly, it is worth remembering that â€Å"Dignity is more important for the human spirit than wealth†. She builds up her policy of charity on very important principles, such as tolerance, patience and understanding. Every human being wants to be heard by another human being. Mutual understanding and listening depends on a special attention to every human being on the Earth. Novogr atz is not framed by social status of Africans, she is beyond this context and she underlines that relations among humans should be based on humane attitudes among different members of the global society. This is a powerful woman, who realizes the necessity of providing people not with charity, but with a real support, to create a team spirit among them and to enable them to become successful businesswomen. Therefore, Novogratz implements a practical approach to solving the problems of poverty. The second lesson, she claims, is that â€Å"Traditional charity and aid alone will not solve the problems of poverty† and the third lesson outlines that â€Å"The markets alone will not solve the problem of poverty†. Novogratz makes an emphasis on the personal contact with poor people, on readiness to listen to the needs of those people and be able to treat them patiently and with a great tolerance. Donation and philanthropy should be united at the micro level. Moreover, she ma naged to develop Acumen fund, investing in profit and non-profit organizations. South Asian and East Africa gains many benefits from having an opportunity to build their own businesses and have an ability to become independent individuals. Management and strategic support from Acumen fund is available for poor people from Africa and Asia. It is really hard to find those entrepreneurs, which are open to commitment to a personal success and their services. There is a need for a strong belief

Housewives and Blue Collars Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Housewives and Blue Collars - Essay Example Maduro wherein â€Å"E.S. Maduro tells the story of her mother and the typical "housewife" tale.    Her mother dated the same man her entire life, married right before college graduation, and stopped any working to pursue another career--motherhood.†(2) While the male of the household worked to support the family and did not contribute much to the running of the household. This social organization based on gender roles is vehemently attacked in the essay through the anger felt by the author: "I became angry at both of my parents: at my father that his chores (take apart and reassemble the kitchen sink, work in the garden, snow-blow the driveway) seemed interesting and challenging and were always impressive to friends and relatives, while my mothers endless chores seemed layered in routine and monotony."(3) The title of the essay itself is proof to this claim. The author wants to break away from the age-old concept that the woman should keep house, bear children and make ever yone happy. This is the reason why she continued to work and did not stay home when she settled in with her boyfriend. She chose a man who knew how to do chores at home with the view of sharing the household tasks between them. She had it all planned but the irony of it all that brings her great anger is that she eventually took on the role of her mother: â€Å"So there it is. In trying to avoid a life of an overworked housewife that I see my mother as having occupied for more than thirty years now.

Proposal for Obesity Management Programme

Proposal for Obesity Management Programme OBESITY PROGRAMEE: â€Å"FITNESS FOR FULFILMENT† Kathiravan Pillay Kumar Abstract The world has seen a rise in the issue of obesity and its effects on the biological, psychological and social wellbeing of individuals. This proposal reviews literature in relation to the causes as well as effects on obesity specifically targeted at children between the ages of 6 – 18 years old and evaluates current programs in place to curb the rise in obesity. Programs from both the United States as well as Singapore are used to analyse the western and Asian perspectives on tackling the issue of obesity. The proposed program would be aimed at reducing social stigma and increasing self-esteem that past or current programs do not address. The program will be made up of three phases which include implementation, motivation and feedback as well as evaluation of the entire program’s effectiveness. Feasibility and efficacy of instilling the program are also discussed. Introduction and Review on Obesity Obesity has been an issue present through various generations and is one faced by many nations worldwide. Recent years has seen a rise in the levels of obesity especially in western nations but is currently seen to be a growing issue even in Asian nations (Ramachandran Snehalatha, 2010). Based on recent findings by Ogden, Carroll, Kit and Flegal (2014) an estimated two third of the adult population in the United States are overweight or obese with about one third of school going children also falling under this category. A growing trend is also seen in Asia where findings in Singapore indicate that approximately one in nine Singaporean adults between the age ranges of 18 to 69 were considered to be obese in 2010 with obesity rates said to be increasing at an estimated 1 percent per year (â€Å"One in nine Singaporean†, 2014). Multiple factors have been suggested as causes to obesity, often focusing on mainly physical and psychological factors. General physical causes of obesity are often due to genetic factors that cause abnormalities in fat cell metabolism and metabolic defects or simply having a sedentary lifestyle (Bray, York DeLany, 1992). There are also various psychological conditions or disorders that have been suggested to lead to obesity however depression is considered to be the main cause of it as evidenced in Blaine’s (2008) study which indicated that individuals who were depressed were proven to be at significantly higher risk of becoming obese. Obesity is also often comorbid with depression and other eating disorders Blaine’s (2008). The key area of concern especially in recent times would be the effects of obesity on the individual as well as society as a whole. Numerous studies have been done to show the physical and psychological effects that obesity has on an individual. Physical aspects often include the risk of contracting illnesses such as heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes (Sturm, 2002). Psychological effects tend to focus on an individual’s body dissatisfaction and self-image (Wardle Cooke, 2005) as well as well as psychosocial effects such as negative experiences through weight bias at home, in school, at work, through the media and even health and fitness areas (Amianto, Lavagnino, Abbate-Daga Fassino, 2011). Evaluation on Obesity Related Programmes Over the years there have been many programs put into place by governments and private agencies around the world that have been aimed to curb obesity. One key program introduced in the United States was the HEROES Initiative which targets tackling issues on childhood obesity (King et. al, 2014). The HEROES Initiative is a grant-funded intervention that targets schools to play a vital role in educating youth in obesity related behaviours (King et. al, 2014). The key aims of this this initiative would be to take a comprehensive school health approach that decreases childhood obesity that in turn promotes healthy lifestyle habits among students as well as their families and also the school staff (King et. al, 2014). Key features that make the intervention unique would be that it offers a supportive means for participating schools by providing regular oversight, significant funding and various implementation strategies that are catered to a particular needs for certain schools depending on the district and neighbourhood that they are located in (King et. al, 2014). This initiative also enables schools to have a sense of ownership over assessing the needs of their students and in turn coming out with a plan to implement certain strategies for changes in the school’s health programs (King et. al, 2014). The key feature in maintaining the effectiveness of this program would be the strong emphasis on an annual cycle of evaluation and assessment on opportunities in enhancing the program to cater to the needs of the students which turn increases the intervention’s efficacy (King et. al, 2014). The evaluation process was broken down into 3 main areas. The process evaluation stage, school level outcome evaluation and student level outcome evaluation (King et. al, 2014). The process evaluation stage is carried out by site visits to schools to view their administrative processes in carrying out health promotion as well as inspection of the school’s general environment and conducting interviews with the staff to determine challenging areas (King et. al, 2014). Feedback on information obtained is given to the staff as a means to address these issues (King et. al, 2014). In the school level outcome evaluation, assessments are made to the systemic changes in promoting healthy behaviour and reducing obesity rates in the students. The school level outcome evaluation is based on domains relating to physical education/activity, nutrition education, food service, staff wellness, as well as family and community involvement (King et. al, 2014). The student level outcome evaluation , focuses on understanding the changes in behaviour and knowledge in relation to obesity and its effects (King et. al, 2014). This done through weight measurements as well as surveys and quizzes to identify student’s knowledge about obesity (King et. al, 2014). With regard to the effectiveness of this initiative, evaluation between the periods of 2011-2012 showed a significant amount of variability between schools. Based on results obtained from the process and school level evaluation outcomes, it was found that the school’s processes were well implemented however some schools found difficulties in coming up with new or improved health and wellness related policies (King et. al, 2014). Based on the student level outcome evaluation it was found that small but significant changes were made in terms of behaviour and mindset of the students (King et. al, 2014). Students were also more engaged in rigorous physical activities in comparison to the baseline from first 18 months of the intervention (King et. al, 2014). However a set back to the intervention was that changes to behaviour were mostly found in overweight students rather than students who were already obese. In relation to the Asian context, there have been various health related programs and promotions carried out in Singapore. The Singapore health promotion board has come up with various programs and initiatives to promote healthy lifestyle practices to prevent conditions such as obesity. Programs such as the 1 million kg challenge, aims to encourage individuals to lose weight by allowing them to set a weight loss target then setting a period for them to lose this weight. If individuals are able to lose the amount of weight within the given time frame they are rewarded with certain incentives and prizes (â€Å"1 million kg challenge†, 2014). In relation to health promotion in schools, a key program that was introduced in the early 90s was the National Physical Fitness Award Test (NAPFA) and the TAF (Trim and Fit) scheme which aimed to increase physical activity and reduce the weight of overweight and obese students in both the primary and secondary levels of education (Gupta et. al, 2010). The TAF program basically tasked students with physical activities before and after the school day (Gupta et. al, 2010). The initiative was a success in the 90s with obesity levels dropping between 10-17% in students (Gupta et. al, 2010). Success of the TAF scheme would later bring about a collaboration between the Singapore Health Promotion Board and the World Health Organisation to introduce a HPB-MOE bi-annual award aimed at targeting the healthy development of students and awarding schools for good health practices (Gupta et. al, 2010). Challenges faced in the TAF program as well as similar programs introduced in Korea as mentioned by Shin and Shin (2008) was that such programs bring about a sort of negative stigma to students involved. Student then tend to become highly self-conscious and develop body dissatisfaction which in turn effects their self-esteem (Shin Shin, 2008). This is often the result of segregation from their peers due to their weight and appearance and this segregation is further contributed by schools who single out overweight or obese individuals to be part of such programs (Shin Shin, 2008). This effect could in turn lead to depression which has been established as a cause for obesity and would hence defeat the whole purpose of having such health promotion programs. Proposed Health Program Having identified the causes and effects of obesity as well as certain health programs available both on the western and Asian context along with their strengths and weaknesses, an alternative health program could be developed. Through analysing the health programs available in both the United States and Singapore, a program catering specifically to the needs of students between the ages of 6 – 18 year olds could be proposed. The program will be entitled the â€Å"Fitness for Fulfilment Programme† (FFFP) catered specifically in the Singaporean context. The program is also given a name that does not infer or refer to obesity so as to prevent any form of social stigma relating to obesity. The main goals of the program would be to reduce the weight of overweight and obese students but to do so in a manner that will not cause stigmatization or embarrassment. The program would also further aim to instil a healthy mindset in these students and encourage them to maintain healt hy behaviour well into adulthood. The FFFP will mainly be broken down into three key phases. The first phase will be the implementation phase which will introduce rigorous exercise specifically catered to losing weight for obese children. These exercises will be done during school hours as part of an enhanced physical education program and these obese students will carry out their activities together with other students so as to limit any sense of being ostracised. The enhanced physical education program will target the specific needs of each student be it normal weight students or overweight or obese students by focusing on their weak physical areas that are limiting them from passing or getting a good grade on their NAPFA test. The fitness program will be one that gradually increases in rigorousness so as to allow the students time to condition themselves to its requirements. Another key feature of the implementation phase would be the enforcement of strict diet practices during the school day. Since schools are al ready given guidelines by the Health Promotion Board on the type of food to be served, there must be a form of enforcement that ensures that students are getting the appropriate meals. Therefore there should be two to three staff on canteen duty to ensure that proper meals are being served to the students and that obese children are getting sufficient food but maintained at healthy levels. The second phase of the FFFP would the feedback and motivation phase. This would be a key feature of the program as it caters to the psychological well-being of the students involved. This phase will be implemented during the first and last session of the enhanced physical education program. During these sessions, time will be set aside for instructors to carry out one on one interviews or feedback sessions with the students which will aim to understand the challenges that they face with physical exercise as well as issues they have with motivating themselves to indulge in physical exercise. With knowledge of the challenges that individual students face, instructors can cater their physical education session to better accommodate to both the strengths and the weaknesses of the students. This will facilitate a more positive outlook in carrying out physical exercise and encourage students to put in a greater effort and hence may lead better physical results and lower obesity levels. An other aspect of this phase would be educating other students in the challenges that overweight and obese students. Students will be taught to encourage and motivate rather than stigmatize or humiliate their overweight or obese peers. The final phase of this program will be the evaluation phase. Ideally a review council should be formed to evaluate the effectiveness of the program at national level. This phase will be similar to the HEROES initiative evaluation process used in the United States, but will comprise of two instead of three key parts of the evaluation process of the effectiveness of the program. The process and school level evaluation will be combined into one. This part of the evaluation process will seek to understand the challenges that the staff have with the FFFP through means of interviews as well as on site assessments of the program in action. Availability of proper equipment and exercise facilities in the school will be key points at this level of evaluation. The next part of the evaluation will be at the student level, the review council will assess data relating to changes in weight as well as NAPFA standards and also find out the level of knowledge that students have with regard to healthy behaviour through surveys and quizzes which can be done through the internet. The evaluation process should be done annually and aim to identify problem areas so that newer and improved implementation could be introduced in the following years. The feasibility and efficacy of the FFFP would depend on the amount support through funding from private agencies or the government as well as having instructors who are trained in not only physical aspects of exercise and healthy lifestyle but also with the psychological capability to deal and understand the needs and challenges for individual students to overcome obesity. References Amianto, F., Lavagnino, L., Abbate-Daga, G., Fassino, S. (2011). The forgotten psychosocial dimension of the obesity epidemic.The Lancet, 378(9805), e8 Blaine, B. (2008). Does depression cause obesity? A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies of depression and weight control.Journal of health psychology,13(8), 1190-1197. Bray, G. A., York, B., DeLany, J. (1992). A survey of the opinions of obesity experts on the causes and treatment of obesity.The American journal of clinical nutrition,55(1 Suppl), 151S-154S. Gupta, N., Chin, M. K., Yang, J., Balasekaran, G., Chia, M., Girandola, R. N., Mok, M. M. C. (2010). Obesity prevention in Singapore: Collaborative efforts among government, health professionals and the community. King, M. H., Lederer, A. M., Sovinski, D., Knoblock, H. M., Meade, R. K., Seo, D. C., Kim, N. (2014). Implementation and Evaluation of the HEROES Initiative A Tri-State Coordinated School Health Program to Reduce Childhood Obesity.Health promotion practice,15(3), 395-405. Ogden C. L., Carroll, M. D., Kit, B.K., Flegal K. M. (2014). Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011-2012.Journal of the American Medical Association,311(8), 806-814. One in nine Singaporean adults were obese in 2010: Survey (2014, January 17).Today.Retrieved from http://www.todayonline.com/daily-focus/health/one-nine- singaporean-adults-were-obese-2010-survey One million kg challenge. (2014). Retrieved August 21, 2014, from http://www.hpb.gov.sg/ References Ramachandran, A., Snehalatha, C. (2010). Rising burden of obesity in Asia.Journal of obesity,2010. Shin, N. Y., Shin, M. S. (2008). Body dissatisfaction, self-esteem, and depression in obese Korean children.The Journal of pediatrics,152(4), 502-506 Sturm, R. (2002). The effects of obesity, smoking, and drinking on medical problems and costs.Health Affairs,21(2), 245-253. Wardle, J., Cooke, L. (2005). The impact of obesity on psychological well-being.Best Practice Research Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism,19(3), 421-440.